Streamtraces

A streamtrace is the path traced by a massless particle placed at an arbitrary location in a steady-state vector field. Streamtraces may be used to illustrate the nature of the vector field flow in a particular region of the plot. See Calculating Particle Paths and Streaklines for information on adding streaklines and particle paths to your plot.

Because streamtraces are dependent upon a vector field, you must define vector components before creating streamtraces in Tecplot 360. However, it is not necessary to activate the Vector zone layer to use streamtraces.

To add streamtraces to your plot, toggle-on "Show Streamtraces" in the Streamtrace Details dialog or in the Plot sidebar and use either the Add Streamtrace tool toolbar streamtrace in the toolbar or the Plot sidebar, or the Create Streams button on the Position page of the Streamtrace Details dialog, to specify the location of your streamtraces.

When working with the Add Streamtrace tool, click to add individual streamtraces, or drag to seed a rake (group) of streamtraces.

To create streamtraces with a format other than Surface Line, select a format from the "Create Streamtraces with Format" drop-down menu on the Position page of the Streamtrace Details dialog.

If you are drawing a rake on concave 3D volume surfaces using the Add Streamtrace tool, hold down the Shift key to draw the rake outside of the data.

There are two main categories of streamtraces:

Surface line streamtraces (or streamlines)

Surface streamtraces are confined to the surface on which they are placed. They can be placed in zones displayed as a 2D or 3D surface, or on a displayed boundary of a 3D zone, such as the K=1 face of an IJK-ordered zone. If you try to place surface streamtraces in the interior of a zone displayed as a 3D volume, an error message appears, and no streamtraces are drawn. See Lines Page. When surface streamtraces are placed on a no-slip boundary surface, they will propagate according to the flow field very near the surface (see Surface Streamtraces on No-slip Boundaries for more information).

Volume streamtraces

Volume streamtraces can be created in 3D volume zones only (IJK-ordered or FE-volume zones). See Rod/Ribbon Page. Volume streamtraces are subdivided into three categories:

  • Volume Lines, or volume streamlines.

  • Volume Ribbons, or streamribbons.

  • Volume Rods, or streamrods.

If you have added streamtraces to your plot, but cannot see them, go to the Volume page of the Zone Style dialog and verify that Show Streamtraces is set to "Yes". Refer to Derived Volume Object Plotting for details.

Streamtrace Details Dialog

You can control the style of your streamtraces using the Streamtrace Details dialog (accessed via Plot→Streamtraces or the streamtrace details button to the right of the Streamtraces checkbox in the Plot sidebar). These style attributes affect all streamtraces in the active frame, including those already placed. They do not affect extracted streamtrace zones, discussed in Streamtrace Extraction as Zones, because these are ordinary ordered zones, and not streamtraces.

In order for the changes made on the Streamtrace Details dialog to be visible in your plot, you must have Show Streamtraces toggled on in the dialog, or Streamtraces toggled on in the Plot sidebar.

The Streamtrace Details dialog has seven pages:

The dialog includes a checkbox at the top to globally turn the display of streamtraces on or off. This is available on all pages of the dialog and is the same as the corresponding checkbox in the Plot sidebar.

Placement Page

Use the Placement page of the Streamtrace Details dialog (accessed via the Plot sidebar or Plot→Streamtraces) to control the next streamtrace or streamtrace rake to be placed.

streamtrace details position
Alternatively, you can add streamtraces using the Add Streamtrace tool toolbar streamtrace. See also Add Streamtrace.

The following options are available:

Create Streamtraces with Format

Choose the format for the next streamtrace from the drop-down. The options are as follows:

Surface Line

Two-dimensional and 3D surface streamlines. Surface lines are confined to the surface upon which they are placed, which may be surface zones or displayed boundaries of volume zones. If placed in the interior of a 3D volume zone (such as on a slice through the zone), these streamtraces are not plotted.

Volume Line

Three-dimensional volume streamline plotted through 3D space. The streamline path is integrated in three dimensions within the 3D volume field.

Volume Ribbon

Three-dimensional volume streamtrace with a defined thickness that twists in accordance with the local stream-wise vorticity of the vector field: a streamribbon. When you select this option, you should also check the ribbon width on the Rod/Ribbon page of the Streamtrace Details dialog. The width affects all streamtraces, including those already placed. The default width is automatically calculated based on the extent of your data, but it may still be too large. The center of the streamribbon is a 3D volume streamline. The streamribbon rotates about this streamline in accordance with the local vector field. Streamribbons have an orientation at each step.

Volume Rod

Three-dimensional volume streamtrace with a defined thickness and a polygonal cross-section: a streamrod. The cross-section of a streamrod rotates around a volume streamline in accordance with the local stream-wise vorticity. The center of the streamrod is a regular 3D volume streamline. Streamrods have an orientation at each step. As with streamribbons, you should check the rod width on the Rod/Ribbon page of the Streamtrace Details dialog, as well as the number of rod points (three, by default). The number of points indicates the cross-sectional shape of the rod. Three is an equilateral triangle; four, a square; five, a regular pentagon; and so forth. Like the width parameter, the number of points applies to all streamrods, including those already placed.

Seed Streamtraces

Choose the method for seeding the streamtraces. This will determine the options available in the central portion of the dialog.

Using Streamtrace Placement Tool

Click on the plot to seed a stream at the clicked point. Click and drag to seed a rake (a series of streamtraces) of the specified number of equally-spaced points along the path.

On Surfaces of Active Zones

Tecplot 360 randomly distributes the specified number of seed points on the active zones.

On Surfaces of Selected Objects

Tecplot 360 randomly distributes the specified number of seed points on the surfaces of the selected objects.

By Entering XYZ Positions

Specify the placements of the seed point or rake numerically by entering XYZ coordinates in the position fields, which appear when you choose method of placing streamtraces.

By Entering IJK Positions

Same as above, except you enter IJK coordinates in the position fields. In this case you must also choose a zone.

Direction

Select the stream integration direction from the following options:

Forward

Select for forward integration from the starting point.

Backward

Select for backward integration from the starting point. When the streamlines are calculated backwards, the arrowheads still point in the forward direction.

Both

Select for both forward and backward integration from the starting point. (For streamribbons and streamrods, you should avoid this option.)

Number of Seed Points

Enter the number of seed points here. When placing streamtraces using XYZ or IJK positions, this field is available only when creating a rake; the specified number of streamtraces will be created at equal intervals between the start and end points of the rake.

Position fields

(Only for XYZ or IJK Positions) - Specify the position of the start point, or the range of the rake (series of streamtraces), in IJK or XYZ coordinates.

Zone (Only for IJK)

Select from the drop-down the zone for which the I, J, (and K) indices are being specified.

Create Rake

Select to identify the starting position as the start of a rake and to activate the Rake Ending Position fields.

Streamtrace Start Position

Specify the starting position for a single streamtrace, or (if "Create Rake" is selected) the beginning of a rake of streamtraces. There are two or three fields, labeled either X, Y, (and Z) or I, J, (and K). Enter the desired value in each field, or use the up and down arrows to increase or decrease the values.

Rake End Position

(Only if Create Rake is selected) - Specify the end position for a rake of streamtraces. There are two or three fields, labeled either X, Y, (and Z) or I, J, (and K). Enter the desired value in each field, or use the up and down arrows to increase or decrease the values.

Create Streamtraces

Click to seed the streamtrace or rake of streamtraces. Not available when using the streamtrace placement tool; click on the plot instead.

Number of Streamtraces

(Information only) - The number of streamtraces currently placed.

Delete Last

Select to delete the last streamtrace or rake placed.

Delete All

Select to delete all streamtraces in the current plot.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - When the Streamtrace tool is selected, press 1-9 to change the number of streamtraces to add when placing a rake of streamtraces.

Lines Page

Surface streamtraces or streamlines are confined to the surface on which they are placed. They can only be placed in zones displayed as a 2D or 3D surface. If you try to place streamlines in a zone displayed as a 3D volume, an error dialog appears, and no streamlines are drawn. The following attributes may be set with the Lines page of the Streamtrace Details dialog. You cannot customize streamtraces using the Lines page until after at least one streamtrace has been drawn.

streamtrace details line
Show Paths

Toggle-on to include streamtraces in your plot.

Line Color

Select the color for all streamtraces in the Color Chooser. You may set the color to Multi-color to color the streamtraces by the chosen contour group variable in the same manner as color flooding. (If the contour variable is not currently defined, the Contour Variable dialog appears so that you can define it.) You can use the Multi-color option, for example, to color the streamtraces by the local temperature or by the velocity magnitude. You can also specify RGB coloring.

The following attributes affect surface and volume streamlines:

Line Thickness

Enter a value, or choose a pre-set value for the streamline thickness (as a percentage of the frame height for 2D lines and as a percentage of the median axis length for 3D surface lines and volume lines), or choose a pre-set value from the drop-down menu.

Arrows

Toggle-on Show Arrowheads on Lines to display arrowheads along all streamlines (surface and volume) in the active frame. Arrows are not shown on volume ribbons or volume rods. You can also control the following attributes of the displayed arrows:

Arrowhead Size

Either enter a value for the arrowhead size (as a percentage of the frame height), or choose a pre-set value from the drop-down menu.

Arrowhead Spacing

Enter the distance between arrowheads in terms of Y-frame units. A value of ten percent will space arrowheads approximately ten percent of the frame height apart from each other along each streamline.

Rod/Ribbon Page

The following attributes may be set with the Rod/Ribbon page of the Streamtrace Details dialog. They affect volume ribbons and volume rods only. You cannot customize streamtraces using the Rod/Ribbon page until after at least one streamtrace has been drawn.

streamtrace details rodribbon
Show Paths

Toggle-on to include streamtraces in your plot.

Rod/Ribbon Width

Enter a width for the volume ribbons and volume rods. The width is expressed in grid units. If you want two sets of streamtraces with different widths, you must create them individually by creating a set of streamtraces with a specific width, extracting the set as a zone, and then configuring a new set of streamtraces with the second width. See Streamtrace Extraction as Zones.

Rod Points

Volume rods have a polygonal cross-section; this parameter tells Tecplot 360 what that cross-section should be. (Three is an equilateral triangle, four is a square, five is a regular pentagon, and so on.) If you want two sets of volume rods with different cross-sections, you must create one set and then extract the set as a zone, then configure a new set of streamtraces with the second cross-section. See Streamtrace Extraction as Zones.

Show Mesh

Toggle-on to display a mesh.

Color

Select a mesh color in the Color Chooser, or choose a custom color or multi-color.

Line Thickness

Select a line thickness from the drop-down menu, or enter your own number in the text field.

Show Contour Flood

Toggle-on to display contour flooding.

Flood by

Select which contour group to flood by. Use this button contour details to display the Select Contour Variables dialog.

Show Shade

Toggle-on to display shading.

Color

Select a shade color in the Color Chooser. Multi-color and RGB coloring are not available (use contour flooding instead).

Use Lighting Effect

Toggle-on to enable the lighting effect drop-down menu, from which you can select "Paneled" or "Gouraud" shading.

Use Surface Translucency

Toggle-on to enable the surface translucency text field, where you can set the surface translucency from one (nearly opaque) to 99 (nearly transparent).

Timing Page

Use the Timing page of the Streamtrace Details dialog (accessed via the Plot sidebar or Plot→Streamtraces) to control timed markers for streamlines, and timed dashes for all types of streamtraces. Stream markers are drawn at time locations along streamlines. The spacing between stream markers is proportional to the magnitude of the local vector field.

Stream markers are symbols plotted along streamtrace paths to identify the positions of particles at certain times. Figure 1 shows a plot with both streamtrace markers and dashes.

streamtrace timing example
Figure 1. Streamtrace markers (top), dashes (bottom), and both (middle).

The spacing between stream markers is proportional to the magnitude of the local vector field. You can adjust the spacing between stream markers by specifying the time interval (or delta) between stream markers. Increasing the delta time will increase the space between stream markers and vice versa. The actual spacing is the product of the local vector magnitude and the specified delta.

You may also select the shape of your stream marker using the pre-set list under the Shape drop-down menu on the Timing page of the Streamtrace Details dialog. Selecting "Other" from the list activates the Enter ASCII Character option, where you may enter an ASCII character to be used as your stream marker.

To place stream markers or dashes along your streamtraces, open the Timing page of the Streamtrace Details dialog (accessed via the Plot sidebar or the Plot menu).

streamtrace details timing

The Timing page has the following options:

Show Markers

Toggle-on to include stream markers. Stream markers are only available for streamlines (surface and volume). Specify the size, color, and shape of the markers in the fields provided. The default marker shape is a sphere (in 3D plots) or a circle (2D).

Show Dashes

Toggle-on to include stream dashes. The lengths of the dashes and the spaces between the dashes are controlled by the value of Delta. Enter a value into the Dash Skip field to control the number of time deltas used for the "off" sections of the streamtraces.

Time Start

Enter the time at which the first marker should be drawn. A start time of zero means that the first marker is drawn at the starting point. A start time of 2.5 means that the first stream marker is drawn 2.5 time units downstream of the starting point.

Time End

Enter the time after which no more stream markers are drawn.

Time Anchor

Enter the time that a dash is guaranteed to start, provided the start and end time surround the dash.

Time Delta

Enter the time interval that measures the time between stream markers. The actual distance between markers is the product of this number and the local vector magnitude. Click Reset Delta to reset this to the default value.

Animate Page

The Animate page controls animation of streamtraces.

streamtrace details animate

You may specify the number of steps per cycle, the number of cycles, and the destination for animation (the screen or a file). Click the Animate button to begin animation and see Animation for further details.

Term Line Page

A streamtrace termination line is a polyline that terminates any streamtraces that cross it. The termination line is useful for stopping streamtraces before they spiral or stall. Figure 2 shows the cylinder data with some streamtraces terminated by a 2D streamtrace termination line.

streamtrace termination line ex
Figure 2. A streamtrace termination line drawn through surface streamlines.

Streamtraces are terminated whenever any of the following occur:

  • The maximum number of integration steps is reached.

  • Any point where the streamtrace passes outside the available data.

  • The streamtrace reaches a point where the velocity magnitude is zero.

You control the streamtrace termination line from the Term Line page of the Streamtrace Details dialog.

streamtrace details term line

From the Term Line page, you can control the following attributes of the termination line:

Active Termination Line

Toggle-on to activate the termination line and terminate any streamtraces that cross it. Toggle-off this option and redraw the plot to view unterminated streamtraces.

Draw Stream Term Line

Click to draw the termination line on the plot. This is the same as choosing the toolbar streamline term button on the toolbar. Click the individual points on the plot that make up the termination line, then double-click to end the line construction.

Show Termination Line

Toggle-on to display the termination line. Toggle-off this option and redraw the plot to display terminated streamlines (if the termination line is active), but not the termination line itself.

Color

Choose the color of the termination line in the Color Chooser.

Line Pattern

Choose the pattern for the termination line.

Pattern Length

The length of the pattern as a percentage of frame height.

Line Thickness

The thickness of the termination line as a percentage of frame height.

You can select a termination line with the Selector or Adjustor tool. This allows you to interactively move the line (with the Selector), modify the line (with the Adjustor), or delete the line (with either tool).

Only one termination line can exist at any one time in a given frame. If you draw a second termination line, the first one is automatically deleted.

Termination Lines in the Eye Coordinate System

The streamtrace termination line is drawn in the grid coordinate system, which in 2D Cartesian plots moves with the data as you zoom and translate. In 3D Cartesian plots, the termination line is drawn in what is known as the eye coordinate system. Grid coordinates align with the eye coordinate system, therefore the termination line moves with the data as you zoom and translate, but remains fixed when you rotate the plot.

When you rotate a 3D dataset after drawing a streamtrace termination line, streamtraces previously terminated by the termination line may be terminated at different places, or not terminated at all if the rotated streamtrace no longer intersects the termination line. Figure 3 shows a 3D volume plot with streamribbons and a streamtrace termination line. This figure illustrates how the termination points vary as the plot is rotated. Notice that the termination line, being rendered in the eye coordinate system, remains in place on the screen as the plot is rotated.

streamtrace vol stream termline
Figure 3. Rotating Volume streamtraces with a termination line in the eye coordinate system.

Integration Page

Tecplot 360 uses an adaptive step-size, trapezoidal integration algorithm to calculate streamtraces. This creates the streamtrace by moving it in a series of small steps from the starting point in the direction of (or in opposition to) the local vector field. Each step is only a fraction of a cell or element. Tecplot 360 automatically adjusts the step size based on the local cell shape and vector field variation.

You can control the streamtrace integration by modifying the following parameters in the Integration page of the Streamtrace Details dialog:

streamtrace details integration
Step Size

Enter the initial and maximum step size Tecplot 360 uses while integrating through the vector field as a decimal fraction of the local cell or element width. A typical value (and the default) is 0.25, which results in four integration steps through each cell or element. The value for Step Size affects the accuracy of the integration. Setting Step Size too small can result in round-off errors, while setting it too large can result in truncation errors and missed cells.

Max Steps

Enter the maximum number of steps before the streamtrace is terminated. This prevents streamtraces from spinning forever in a vortex, or from wandering into a region where the vector components are very small, very random, or both. If you choose a small Step Size, you should enter a larger Max Steps.

Minimum Step Size

The smallest step size for Tecplot 360 to use. Setting this too small results in integration problems. Setting this greater than or equal to the Step Size results in a constant step size.

Obey Source Zone Blanking

When active, streamtraces are generated for non-blanked regions only. When inactive, streamtraces are generated for both blanked and unblanked regions.

During the integration, a streamtrace is terminated if any of the following conditions occur:

  • The maximum number of integration steps (Max Steps) have been taken.

  • Any point the streamtrace passes outside the available data.

  • The streamtrace reaches a point where the velocity magnitude is zero.

  • The streamtrace crosses the stream termination line.

When there is a small gap between the zones, streamtraces will terminate at a zone boundary even if there is an adjacent zone into which the streamtraces should proceed. Specifying face neighbors in the data file to connect the zones can reduce this issue. Increasing the minimum integration step size can also ameliorate this problem.

Surface Streamtraces on No-slip Boundaries

A no-slip boundary is the boundary of a volume zone whose vector variables are either passive or are zero throughout the boundary. The boundary may be either a displayed boundary of a volume zone (included in the zone’s Surfaces to Plot setting in the Zone Style dialog), or a surface zone that resides on the boundary of a volume zone. In the latter case, the surface zone’s nodes must coincide with nodes on the exterior of one or more volume zones. For either case, blanked regions of the surface are not considered when determining whether a boundary is a no-slip boundary. That is, if value blanking or IJK blanking is enabled, then only the non-blanked portion of the surface is examined to determine if it is a no-slip boundary.

When surface streamtraces are placed on a no-slip boundary, they propagate according to the normal gradient of tangential velocity (proportional to shear stress) at the surface, calculated using vector variable values from the nearby interior of the volume zone. If the solution is unsteady, only volume zones in the currently displayed solution time will be used. If the boundary is a surface zone, then corresponding volume zones needn’t be displayed in the current plot (they may be turned off in the Zone Style dialog), but preference will be given to volume zones that have non-zero velocity, and that are active (not turned off in the Zone Style dialog).

If you extract a surface streamtrace, the velocity component variables in the resulting zone (which would normally be set to zero because the velocity on the surface is zero) are replaced with the gradient of the tangential velocity that was used to calculate the streamtrace.

Streamtrace Extraction as Zones

Normally, streamtraces are derived from the dataset "on the fly" and do not add any data to the dataset. To extract existing streamtraces to zones, allowing you to retain them even if streamtrace settings are changed, choose Extract→Streamtraces from the Data menu.

extract streamtraces

If you want all streamtraces of a given format extracted to a single zone, select the toggle-on "Concatenate common streamtraces into one zone" in the Extract Streamtraces dialog. If you select this option, Tecplot 360 extracts all surface lines into one zone, all volume lines into another, all volume ribbons into a third, and all volume rods into a fourth. Tecplot 360 uses FE zones (FE-Line segment for streamlines and FE-Quad for rods and ribbons). If you do not select this option, and timing is not turned on to show dashes, each streamtrace is extracted into its own ordered zone (I-Ordered for streamlines and IJ-Ordered for rods and ribbons).

After you have extracted your streamtraces, you will still see the original streamtraces, which may obscure the plotted streamtrace zones. Once you have extracted the zones, you can delete the original streamtraces by selecting Delete All on the Position page of the Streamtrace Details dialog. If timed dashes are active, all extracted streamtraces will be finite element zones. Otherwise, all extracted streamline zones are I-ordered, and extracted volume ribbon and volume rod zones are IJ-ordered.

Streamtrace Errors

Streamtraces will not appear under the following conditions:

  • Unorganized data (I-ordered zones). Refer to Working with Unorganized Datasets for information on organizing unorganized data.

  • Zero-valued vectors. Refer to Vector Layer for information on working with vectors.

  • The streamtrace was placed outside of the data. If you are drawing a rake on a concave 3D volume surfaces, hold down the Shift key to draw the rake outside of the data.

  • Inappropriate integration step size. Refer to the Integration Page for information on integrating streamtraces.