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- Introduction
- Part 1: General Application
- External Flow
- Loading and Manipulating Data
- Step 1: Launch Tecplot 360 and Load the Data Set
- Step 2: Rotate the Wing
- Step 3: View Information About the Data Set
- Step 4: Disable Bounding Box for Fluid Volume Zone
- Step 5: View the Mesh Using the Context Toolbar
- Step 6: Change the Mesh Color
- Step 7: Set Up Contour Groups and Color Maps
- Step 8: Change Contour Group on Plot
- Step 9: Format Legend
- Exploring a CFD Solution
- Comparing a CFD Simulation with Experimental Data
- Step 1: Load Layout
- Step 2: Append Experimental Data
- Step 3: Variable Load and Combine
- Step 4: Normalize Y to Y/b
- Step 5: Extract Slice from Simulation Data at Pressure Tap Location
- Step 6: Normalize Slice’s X to X/L
- Step 7: Create XY Plot of Slice
- Step 8: Plot Experimental Data
- Step 9: Add Error Bars
- Step 10: Final Polishing
- Next Steps
- Loading and Manipulating Data
- Understanding Volume Surfaces
- Transient Data
- Finite Element Analysis
- External Flow
- Part 2: Internal Combustion Engines
- Part 3: Ocean Modeling
Introduction
Tecplot 360 allows you to interactively explore, visualize, and analyze your CFD data, and then communicate your results. With Tecplot 360, you can produce high-quality plots for reports, papers, presentations, videos, or web sites.
The user documentation for Tecplot 360 includes these resources:
- Getting Started Manual (this document)
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Highlights how to work with key features through a tutorial revolving around data files similar to those you might use.
- User’s Manual
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Complete documentation of all Tecplot 360 features.
- Scripting Guide
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Information on working with Tecplot 360 macros and a full syntax reference.
- Quick Reference Guide
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A handy reference for all the little details of using Tecplot 360, such as text placeholders, keyboard shortcuts, and much more.
- Data Format Guide
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Tecplot data formats and how to write them.
- Installation Guide
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How to install Tecplot 360 on your machine.
- Release Notes
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Information on the latest Tecplot 360 features along with platform-specific notes.
This manual includes four tutorials to help you get started with Tecplot 360. For in-depth information on any of the topics covered in the Getting Started Manual, please refer to the User’s Manual which is included in your Tecplot 360 installation directory or on our website at: www.tecplot.com/documentation.
Before You Start the Tutorials
Before beginning a tutorial from this guide, we suggest you read through Chapters 1 and 2 of the User’s Manual to introduce yourself to the Tecplot 360 user interface and familiarize yourself with the product’s basic concepts of operation. It may be helpful to have Tecplot 360 open while reading these chapters so you can experiment a little.
- Chapter 1 - Introduction
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Covers the Welcome Screen, supported input devices, the Tecplot 360 workspace, the menu bar and global toolbar, context menus and toolbars, and sidebars. Reading this chapter will orient you to the main user interface controls of Tecplot 360, making it easier to find what you’re looking for when you are working on the tutorial.
- Chapter 2 - Using the Workspace
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Covers data hierarchy, coordinate systems, frames, workspace management, view modification, and the edit menu. You will get practice with many of these concepts in the pages that follow. You may want to review Chapter 2 again after completing the tutorial.
Tutorials In This Guide
This Getting Started Manual is divided into tutorials, each of which contains a series of exercises covering various aspects of the topic at hand. The tutorials are designed so you can do them in any order you like, but within a tutorial, it is best to go through the exercises in order if possible (though we do try to provide guidance on how to pick up in midstream).
All of the tutorials in this guide have datasets located in the Getting Started Bundle. A few datasets are located in the example folder in the installation directory, OneraM6Wing and DuctFlow.plt as well as the Getting Started Bundle.
The tutorials are:
- External Flow
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Using the Onera M6 wing model, covers loading the data, producing a basic plot, slicing, streamtraces, isosurfaces, probing, and comparing simulated and experimental data (including normalizing the data).
- Understanding Volume Surfaces
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Uses the DuctFlow data set as an example of how Tecplot 360 renders volume surfaces using Surfaces to Plot.
- Transient Data
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Uses a wind turbine data set with 127 time steps to understand how transient (time-based) data is structured and how to produce animated contour plots, extract data over time for analysis, and calculate and visualize additional variables using the Tecplot 360 analysis tools.
- Finite Element Analysis
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Uses a transient FEA dataset of a connecting rod created with LS-DYNA to explore multiple ways to visualize the maximum Von Mises Stress of the rotating rod.
Dive in and master the view!
Part 1: General Application
External Flow
The Onera M6 wing is a standard design for basic studies of 3D flows at high Reynolds numbers from low to transonic speeds (that is, local supersonic flow, shocks, and turbulent boundary layer separation). The wing was tested by NASA in a wind tunnel at four different Mach numbers and various angles of attack. This is now a classic CFD validation case for external flows because it has a simple geometry, complex flows, and because it includes experimental data against which a CFD solution can be validated. For more about the Onera M6 wing, see turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/onerawingnumerics_val.html.
This tutorial uses the Onera M6 data set as your entry into Tecplot 360, introducing basic operations at first (loading data and manipulating the view) and progressing to more intermediate and then advanced operations. We chose this data set because you may already be familiar with it (and if you’re not, it’s straightforward to understand).
The Onera M6 data set is in the OneraM6wing folder inside the Getting Started Bundle.
This tutorial is divided into three segments. We have provided a layout file for the end of each segment, so you can check your work. There is also a macro included to generate an enhanced version of one of the plots in the third segment, and a layout showing its results. The segments are:
| Number and Level | Title and Description |
|---|---|
1 - Beginner |
Loading and Manipulating Data - Load the Onera M6 simulation data set into Tecplot 360 and create a contour plot, along the way discovering how to rotate a 3D plot, view and color a mesh, set up contour groups and color maps, and display a legend. |
2 - Intermediate |
Exploring a CFD Solution - Further explore and understand the Onera M6 simulation data set by adding slices, streamtraces, and iso-surfaces, and by probing data. |
3 - Intermediate |
Comparing a CFD Simulation with Experimental Data - Create a coefficient of pressure (Cp) plot comparing simulated data with experimental data, including normalizing the dimensions of the simulation data set. |
A video version of this tutorial is available on the Web at www.tecplot.com/category/tecplot-360-videos/external-flow. The videos may have minor differences from the printed version of the tutorial in this manual, but they end up in the same places.
Loading and Manipulating Data
Step 1: Launch Tecplot 360 and Load the Data Set
Start Tecplot 360 from the Start menu (Windows), by typing tec360 in a terminal window (Linux), or by double-clicking the application icon in the Applications folder (Mac). The Tecplot 360 Welcome Screen appears, as shown here. (We will show the Windows version of Tecplot 360 in this document, but the product looks substantially the same on other platforms.)
The Welcome Screen appears each time you launch Tecplot 360 and gives you easy access to layouts you have recently worked with, along with quick links to documentation and other resources to help you get the most out of the product.
To begin loading the Onera M6 data, click at the top of the Welcome Screen. (You may also choose from the drop-down menu in the menu bar, or click the folder icon, second from the left, in the toolbar. These alternate methods are convenient when the Welcome Screen isn’t visible.)
The Load Data dialog appears.
Navigate to your Tecplot 360 installation folder, then the examples folder, then the OneraM6wing folder. Then double-click the OneraM6_SU2_RANS.plt file to open it in Tecplot 360. (If you can’t see this file, choose in the menu at the bottom of the dialog.) The data file is opened and a 3D plot of the Onera M6 wing appears in the Tecplot 360 workspace, as shown here.
Step 2: Rotate the Wing
To rotate the view of the wing, hold down the Control key on the keyboard (Command on Mac), then hold down the right mouse button in the Tecplot 360 workspace and move the mouse to rotate the wing.
You’ll notice that the range of rotation is not very great, making it hard to make significant changes to the view of the wing. This is because the rotation origin (the point around which rotation is performed) is not set anywhere near the wing. To change this, simply place the mouse pointer in the approximate center of the wing on the screen, then press the lowercase letter O (for origin) on the keyboard.
Then hold down the Control key (Command on Mac) and drag with the right mouse button again. You’ll see it is now much easier to rotate the wing, since it rotates around its center.
Step 3: View Information About the Data Set
To see information about the Onera M6 data set, choose from the drop-down menu. The dialog, shown here, appears.
This dialog provides a wealth of information about the data set. The two lists at the top of the dialog show you the names of the zones and the variables in the data set.
The zones in this data set are:
FluidVolume-
the air around the wing
WingSurface-
the surface of the wing itself
You may wish to explore the other information in the dialog, which is divided into three pages. Click the button for more information about the information displayed on any page of the dialog. When you’re finished, close the dialog.
Step 4: Disable Bounding Box for Fluid Volume Zone
As you rotated the wing in step 2, you may have noticed a dashed orange line swoosh by in the plot. We have caught a glimpse of it here.
This is the bounding box of the FluidVolume zone, which represents the air around the
wing. This zone does not have any style (that is, visual appearance) so it would
normally be invisible. Tecplot 360 adds the dashed orange line so that you know it’s
there and can see its dimension.
Choose from the menu to see the full extent of the volume zone (see above). The wing is a tiny part of the data set! Choose to return to the previous view.
The bounding box does not add anything to the plot we’re making, so let’s turn it off. Choose from the menu. The dashed orange line disappears.
Step 5: View the Mesh Using the Context Toolbar
To view the mesh for the WingSurface zone, right-click on the wing in the Tecplot 360
workspace. A context toolbar appears, as shown here.
From left to right on this toolbar are buttons that allow you to turn on and off the
mesh, contours, vectors, shade, edge, and translucency. Click the first button to
display the mesh for the WingSurface zone, as shown here.
Step 6: Change the Mesh Color
The top portion of the Plot sidebar lets you turn the layers of your plot on and off. The button in this sidebar opens the dialog, shown here. |
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The Mesh Color column (right most green column) displays the color of the mesh for each zone, including |
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The Color Chooser lets you choose a single solid color, or, using the 1-8 buttons at the bottom of the dialog, you may choose to have the mesh colored using a contour, such as a gradient based on the value of some variable. (These numbers actually refer to Tecplot 360’s eight contour groups, which associate variables and color maps. We will look at contours in more depth shortly.)
For now, let’s choose a blue color for the mesh.
Close the Zone Style dialog, so that the wing surface is visible again.
Scenic Detour: Context Menu and Toolbar
Try right-clicking the wing. A context menu and toolbar appears, allowing you to make many of the same changes you can make in the dialog—without needing to pull up the dialog. Here we are using the drop-down menu to the right of the mesh icon (the first icon on the toolbar) to choose the mesh color.
If you are changing the styles of many zones at once, it still makes sense to pull up the dialog. For many other situations, the context menu and toolbar are faster.
We will use this context menu again in later steps.
Step 7: Set Up Contour Groups and Color Maps
The Onera M6 data contains a number of variables we might be interested in visualizing. Let’s set up color maps so that we can see them as contours on the surface of the wing. First deactivate the mesh layer on the Plot sidebar, then activate the Contour layer in the Plot sidebar. Then click the |
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At the top of the dialog is a drop-down menu for choosing a variable. Next to this are eight numbered buttons, which specify the contour group you are editing. Each contour group has its own settings for this dialog. The contour group provides a way to associate a variable with a color map and other settings. The color map specifies how the zone will be colored according to the value of the specified variable.
For our tutorial, we will set up two contour groups. The first will display density with the Large Rainbow color map. The second will display the pressure coefficient using the Magma color map.
First, move the dialog so you can see most of the plot and the dialog at the same time.
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Make sure contour group 1 is set at the top of the dialog.
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Make sure the Density variable is chosen in the drop-down menu at the top of the dialog.
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From the drop-down menu under the color map preview, choose Large Rainbow.
The dialog should appear as shown above. You should have noticed the plot changing as you made each change in the dialog, since the wing surface is already using contour group 1 by default.
Next, we’ll set up contour group 2 for the Pressure_Coefficient variable.
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Click 2 at the top of the dialog to choose contour group 2.
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Choose the
Pressure_Coefficientvariable in the drop-down menu at the top of the dialog. -
From the drop-down menu under the color map preview, choose Magma.
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We also need to change the levels for the color map. Click the button, then, in the dialog, change the Minimum level to -1 and the number of levels to 21, as shown here.
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Click to close the dialog.
The dialog should now appear as shown here.
Step 8: Change Contour Group on Plot
Now that we’ve set up our contour groups, close the dialog. Ensure the Contour layer is checked on the Plot sidebar.
Now, we can change the contour variable displayed on the wing by right-clicking the
wing, clicking the drop-down menu next to the contour icon in the context menu, and
choosing contour group 2 C2: Pressure Coefficient.
The plot so far is shown below.
Step 9: Format Legend
That contour legend is useful, but it overlaps our plot. Double-click the legend title to open the Legend page of the dialog, shown here.
This is the same dialog we just closed a moment ago, just a different page. You can
also get to it by clicking the
button next to
Contour in the Plot sidebar, or by choosing from
the Tecplot 360 menu bar.
In the dialog:
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Change the alignment to horizontal
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Turn on automatic resizing
The desired settings are shown above. Close the dialog after changing these settings.
Using the mouse, you may now drag the legend to the bottom of the plot. The final plot is shown here.
A Tecplot 360 layout (.lay) file containing a snapshot of the final result of this tutorial segment is in OneraM6wing/finallayouts/ExtenalFlowVideo1.lay in the examples folder in your Tecplot 360 installation folder. You can compare this with your result to see how you did.
You might even try saving a layout of your own work. Choose from the Tecplot 360 menu bar, then navigate to the folder in which you want to save the layout, name it, and click .
Exploring a CFD Solution
This segment of the External Flow tutorial covers slicing, streamtraces, iso-surfaces, and probing. These are tools you’ll frequently use to get a closer look at the volume data in your solution.
We’ll continue from where we left off at the end of the previous segment, with the coefficient of pressure visible on the surface of the wing. If you have closed Tecplot 360 since completing that segment, you can load the provided layout file OneraM6wing/finallayouts/ExtenalFlowVideo1.lay in the examples folder in your Tecplot 360 installation folder, and continue from there.
Step 1: Add a Slice
To add a slice, toggle on the Slices checkbox in the Plot sidebar. A slice appears through the volume zone. |
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As we determined in the first segment of this tutorial, the volume zone is much larger than the wing. The slice through that zone, therefore, dominates the plot. That’s why the screen suddenly fills with a nearly solid color (yellow in our plot; it might be green or a different color in yours). |
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The Density legend appears because this slice is using contour group 1. |
To move the slice with the mouse, first click the slice tool in the Plot sidebar, next to the Slices checkbox.
Then click the surface of the wing. (You probably can’t see the wing at first, with the slice in front of it, but you can still click it even though you can’t see it.) The slice moves to pass through the point that you clicked. You can see the slice at various positions in the following images.
You can also drag the mouse on the surface of the wing to fine-tune the slice location. A blue-gray preview plane shows where the slice will be when you release the mouse button.
Step 2: Set Slice Details
Click the button
next to the Slices in the Plot sidebar to launch the Slice Details dialog.
Let’s spend a moment on the dialog.
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There are eight buttons across the top, just as with the dialog. This isn’t a coincidence: Tecplot 360 supports eight slice groups, just as it supports eight contour groups. Each slice group uses the same normal and style, but can have its own positions. Various other settings are also unique to each slice group.
These numbered buttons tell Tecplot 360 what slice group you want to edit.
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You can manually change the slice orientation to a specific plane. Currently it is set to the X plane, which is the default. A Y plane slice is more useful here, since it shows the wake behind the wing. So let’s change that.
The dialog also lets you choose an arbitrary slice orientation, though we won’t use this capability in this tutorial.
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You can see that you can set up multiple slices by specifying a start slice, an end slice, and some number of intermediate slices. You can also choose what kind of data you want to slice through.
You can leave the dialog open while you experiment with dragging the slice around. Notice that the slice position field in the dialog updates as you move the slice in the plot. (Most dialogs in Tecplot 360 can be left open while you work, updating whenever you change a plot by other means.)
Step 3: Show Contours
With the dialog still open, let’s take a quick detour to the Contour page of this dialog, which allows you to specify how the slice itself will be colored.
This ties back to the contour groups we discussed in the previous segment of this tutorial (see Step 7: Set Up Contour Groups and Color Maps). As a refresher, a contour group ties a color map to a variable, thereby establishing how an object in your plot will be colored based on the values of the selected variable.
On the page of the dialog, we can choose the contour group to be used for the slice, which in turn determines the color map and the variable used for the contouring. Flooding best represents continuous values, so we’ll use the drop-down menu to choose the Pressure group.
If the variable we want to use isn’t listed on the drop-down menu, we’ll want to go to the dialog to set it up. Conveniently, that dialog can be accessed right from the dialog by clicking the gear icon next to the drop-down menu. Try it now if you like, just to see it’s the same dialog, then close the dialog.
As shown here, we’ll contour our slice by Pressure, which is contour group 7.
Scenic Detour: Creating Multiple Slices
Slices are great, so let’s add more of them! We don’t need to do this for the plot we’re trying to make, which is why this section is labeled as a detour. You can skip it if you want.
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On the Definition page of the dialog, turn off and turn on .
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Rotate the plot so that you are looking nearly, but not quite, straight down on the wing from above. The slice, being perpendicular to the view, should be close to a line.
Reminder: To rotate the plot, hold down the Control key (Command on Mac) and hold down the right mouse button while moving the mouse. Hit o (the lowercase letter O) to set the origin of rotation to the mouse location.
Notice the orientation axis in the upper right corner of the plot, which makes it easy to tell when the plot’s Z axis is pointing at you.
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Using the Start slider, set the starting slice location to 0.
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Set the ending slice location to the wing tip, around 1.16.
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Turn on the Show Intermediate Slices checkbox and set the number of slices to 4. A total of six slices are shown.
Here’s what the dialog should look at this point, along with the plot.
Step 4: Prepare for Streamtraces
Streamtraces are a useful tool for visualizing the flow around a surface. We’ll try out three different types of streamtraces: volume lines, volume ribbons, and surface lines.
We only need a single slice for this, so if you followed the multiple-slice detour, go back to the dialog, turn off Show Start/End Slices, and turn Show Primary Slice on.
We want our slice at the tip of the wing; that’s where the pressure differential can cause vortex shedding. Enter 1.18 for the primary slice’s location in the Slice Details dialog to place it close to the wing’s tip.
The dialog should now look as shown here. You can close the dialog at this point, as we won’t need it for a while.
Now, rotate the wing so that the tip is pointing almost directly at us. (Hold Control, or Command on Mac, while dragging with the right mouse button.) The orientation axis in the upper right corner of the plot will help you get the wing pointed the right way. It should look roughly like the image below.
What are we looking at here? The green-blue background is our slice, and it’s hiding most of the wing at this point, so we only see the wing tip.
Last but not least, we can specify the vector variables that describe the velocity of the flow around the wing. If we don’t do it in advance, Tecplot 360 will prompt us to choose the variables as we begin adding our streamtraces. However, just so we know where the feature is, let’s do it ourselves now.
Choose from the menu bar or toggle on Vectors from the Plot sidebar. If you have not enabled vectors to this point, then the dialog will appear. We actually don’t have velocity values in our data, but we do have momentum, and the vector field for momentum is the same as for velocity. (Momentum is just velocity times density. In the next segment of this tutorial, you’ll learn a technique you could use to calculate true velocity values.)
Therefore, for our purposes, we can use the momentum variables. So choose Momentum U, Momentum V, and Momentum W for the U, V, and W vector variables, respectively.
When the dialog appears as shown here, click .
Step 5: Seed Streamtraces
Turn on the Streamtraces checkbox in the Plot sidebar, then click the Streamtrace tool
button .
You can now place a line with the mouse and seed streamtraces evenly along the line. To place the line, click and hold the mouse button at the starting point, drag to the end point, and release the mouse button. Try drawing a roughly vertical line along the leading edge of the wing, as shown here.
Tecplot 360 creates streamtraces showing the flow around the wing, as shown below. The streamtraces are generated by simulating the release of massless particles at the slice surface at equally-spaced points along the line (called "seeding") and calculating their path of travel based on the vector variables that describe the flow.
Some of the streamtraces are behind the slice. To see the streamtraces better, let’s change the slice to be 40% transparent. To do this, right-click the slice and choose 40 from the right-most drop down menu in the context toolbar.
Now, rotate the plot in three dimensions to better see the streamtraces and the wing. A possible result is shown below.
Step 6: Seed Volume Ribbons
By default, streamtraces are simple lines with arrowheads. Ribbons can allow us to see the flow better because they show local twist using a 2D surface. Here’s how to switch to volume ribbons.
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Open the Streamtrace Details dialog by clicking the
button next to Streamtraces in the Plot sidebar. Make sure the Placement page is active using the tabs at the top of the dialog.
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Click in the dialog to remove the existing streamtraces.
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Change the drop-down menu at the top of the dialog to Volume Ribbon.
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Click the streamtrace tool button next to Streamtraces in the Plot sidebar. Leave the Streamtrace Details open, but move it out of the way.
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As before, drag out a line along the leading edge of the wing to seed the streamtraces and create the ribbons.
The plot should look something like this with the ribbons.
Let’s change them from white to a more attention-grabbing color. We can do this on the Rod/Ribbon page of the dialog.
Near the bottom of this dialog, under the Show Shade checkbox, click the button next to Color. Then, in the Color Chooser, click the red swatch.
The plot with red ribbons is shown below:
Step 7: Adjust Rotation and Lighting
You can adjust the direction of the lighting to make the ribbons stand out more. To do this, click the sun toolbar icon in the Plot sidebar.
Click or drag around the plot to move the light. As you do so, you will find spots where the ribbons catch a highlight. You can also try rotating the plot to get the best view.
Step 8: Surface Streamtraces
So far, we’ve been looking at flow through the air around the wing: volume streamtraces and ribbons. We can also visualize the flow across the surface of the wing.
Just to be clear, these streamtraces will be calculated using the momentum data from the volume zone around the wing. The wing surface zone does not actually contain momentum or velocity data. The data file we provide for this tutorial has the zones set up to make this work correctly.
We used the slice to specify a plane on which we could draw a line to seed streamtraces in a volume. When creating surface streamtraces, we just seed directly on the surface. So click the Slices checkbox in the Plot sidebar to turn off the slice.
Next, let’s delete the ribbons we’ve created by clicking on the Placement page of the dialog. Then choose "Surface Line" at the top of the dialog.
Let’s rotate the wing again so that we can see across it. (Last reminder: hold Control, or Command on Mac, while dragging with the right mouse button.) We’re going for an angle something like this.
As always, you can use the orientation axis in the upper right corner of the plot to help you stay oriented.
Now, just as we did before when seeding from the surface of our slice, we choose the streamtrace tool in the Plot sidebar, then drag a line across the wing surface, parallel to the leading edge. After Tecplot 360 creates the streamtraces, we end up with something like this.
We made our streamlines thicker so you can see them more easily. For extra credit, figure out how to make yours thicker, too. (The setting you need is on the Lines page of the Streamtrace Details dialog.)
We’re done with streamtraces for now. Turn off the Streamtraces checkbox in the Plot sidebar when you’re done to hide the streamtraces and show just the wing.
Step 9: Create Iso-Surfaces
Iso-surfaces are great way to visualize a constant value of a contour variable as a surface. In other words, you specify a value, and the iso-surface shows you where the specified variable has that value.
Let’s use it to visualize the shockwave as the wing passes the speed of sound. We do this by creating an iso-surface at Mach 1.
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Turn on the Iso-Surfaces checkbox in the Plot sidebar.
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Click the
button next to Iso-Surfaces to open the Iso-Surface Details dialog.
Now, we need to choose a contour group that associates the Mach variable with a color map. However, if you expand the Define Iso-Surfaces Using dropdown menu, you will see we don’t have one. So we need to create one.
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Click the gear icon next to this menu to open the Contour and Multi-Coloring Details dialog, which we’ve seen before.
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Click the button at the top of this dialog to define the third contour group.
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Using the menu at the top of the dialog, choose the Mach variable.
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Choose the Large Rainbow color map. Here’s how it should look.
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Close the dialog.
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Back in the dialog, choose contour group 3 from the Define Iso-Surfaces Using menu, then enter a value of 1 in the Value 1 field.
The plot is shown here. We’ve rotated the wing to get a better view.
This iso-surface shows us where the air is moving at Mach 1 around the wing. Try adjusting the Value 1 field using the arrows next to the numeric entry field and watch the plot change in response.
It is often instructive to show more than one iso-surface at more than one value. Let’s add a second iso-surface at Mach 1.2. To do this, change the At menu to 2 Specified Values and enter 1.2 in the Value 2 field.
The dialog options are shown here.
Where’s the second iso-surface? Well, it’s closer to the wing than the first one, so it is hidden. Let’s make the iso-surfaces partly transparent so we can see the second one inside the first (and also, dimly, the wing surface inside the second).
To do this, right-click the iso-surface in the plot, then turn on transparency by clicking the rightmost icon in the toolbar. Our iso-surfaces are both in the same group, so they both become transparent.
Now you can see the Mach 1.2 iso-surface inside the Mach 1 iso-surface. Rotate the plot and see! This is the shock surface where the transition between subsonic and supersonic is happening. Here’s our final iso-surface plot.
Step 10: Probe Data
The last exploration technique we’ll explore is probing. Probing shows the values of all variables at a location you click in the plot. Simply choose the Probe tool from the toolbar at the top of the screen.
Now, click points of interest in your plot. The Probe sidebar, which pops out along the right edge of the screen, displays the variable values at each clicked location.
You can also copy variable names, values, or both from the probe results by selecting the desired information and right-clicking, or by pressing Control-C (Command-C on Mac OS X).
As with any sidebar, you can move the Probe sidebar to another edge of the workspace, combine it with another sidebar, or even tear it off and move it outside the main Tecplot 360 window—to a different monitor, if you want.
As before, a Tecplot 360 layout (.lay) file containing a snapshot of the final result of this tutorial segment is in OneraM6wing/finallayouts/ExtenalFlowVideo2.lay in the examples folder in your Tecplot 360 installation folder.
Comparing a CFD Simulation with Experimental Data
In this segment, we’ll be creating a classic Coefficient of Pressure (Cp) plot using both simulated and experimental data. To do this, we’ll first append the experimental data, which was gathered via pressure taps along the wing in a wind tunnel. Then we’ll extract a slice and create an XY line plot in a new frame.
The experimental data is normalized in both the span and chord directions: the Y direction is normalized by b (the span) and the X direction is normalized by c (the chord). The simulation data is not normalized, so part of our work will be to adapt the experimental data so that it can be compared to the simulation.
Step 1: Load Layout
We’ll be continuing from where we left off with segment 1 of this tutorial, not from segment 2. Load the layout OneraM6wing/finallayouts/ExtenalFlowVideo1.lay in the examples folder in your Tecplot 360 installation folder and follow along.
Step 2: Append Experimental Data
Choose from the Tecplot 360 menu, then open the experimental data file. This is a Tecplot ASCII file named Onera_Experimental.dat and can be found OneraM6wing folder in your Tecplot 360 examples directory. (If you can’t see this file, choose All Files in the menu at the bottom of the dialog.) The experimental data file we’ve included is a slightly modified version of data provided by NASA. For more information, see turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/onerawingnumerics_val.html.
If you used All Files, the dialog appears after you select the file to ask what format the data is in.
Choose and click .
Next, Tecplot 360 asks whether you want the new data to replace the existing data, or to append the new data.
In the Load File(s) dialog, click .
Step 3: Variable Load and Combine
The dialog should appear after appending the data. This dialog gives the user options to combine certain variables as well as the option to not add certain variables. Variables that are automatically combined are colored blue. Manually combined variables are colored green. Anything else is colored black. Notice that Pressure_Coefficient has been automatically combined.
For this example, we will load all of the variables from the Experimental dataset. Select and then select to close the dialog.
To verify that the data was loaded correctly, open the dialog by
choosing from the menu. Notice the seven new zones:
Section 1 - 0.2, Section 2 -0.44, and so on. These zones contain the experimental
data from the pressure taps placed along the wing.
You’ll also notice several new variables, starting at variable #19: TapNumber, X/L, Y/b, Z/L, and Cp Error.
Step 4: Normalize Y to Y/b
We want to compare the experimental data with our simulation data at a pressure tap location. However, the experimental data is, as we mentioned, normalized: instead of using a Y that ranges from 0 to the span length, as in the simulation data, it uses a Y over b (Y/b) that ranges from 0 to 1.
If we open the dialog (), choose our WingSurface zone, and scroll over to see the "Y/b" variable, we can see that our simulation data does not contain this information. It is only in the experimental data set.
However, if you use the Zone menu to switch to one of the experimental data zones, such
as Section 1 - 0.2, you will see that it has values for this variable.
Therefore, we will need to calculate this variable for our simulation data. We can do this using an equation.
Close the dialog, then open the dialog by choosing . We know that the span of the wing, b, is 1.19 from publicly-available information about the Onera M6 model. So, in the Equation(s) field, enter:
{Y/b} = {y}/1.19
We only want to calculate this variable in our simulation zones, since it already exists in our experimental zones, so make sure only FluidVolume and WingSurface are selected in the Zones to Alter list. (Hold down the Control key, or Command on Mac, while clicking zones to toggle them on and off.) The dialog should appear as shown below.
Click to calculate the Y/b value for our simulation zones.
Finally, let’s check our work by probing at the wing tip.
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Click the Probe tool in the Tecplot 360 toolbar.
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Click at the tip of the wing.
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Observe the Y/b value in the Probe sidebar.
We should expect a value of 1 for Y/b. However, since the wing tip is beveled, the Y/b value will actually be slightly greater than 1. Everything is exactly as it should be. Mission accomplished!
Step 5: Extract Slice from Simulation Data at Pressure Tap Location
Let’s go ahead and change the Y axis to Y/b. Choose from the Tecplot 360 menu bar. Then, in the Select Variables dialog, choose "Y/b" for the Y-axis variable, as shown here. Click . to save this change.
The wing may rotate in the workspace when you change the Y variable. This is normal.
Our experimental data contains information only at the locations of the pressure taps on the wing. For this example, we’ll compare the simulation data with the experimental data from the pressure tap at Y/b = 0.65. We will create a slice of the simulation at this location and extract that slice to a new zone.
All the simulated surface data along the wing at the location of the pressure tap, in other words, will be copied into a new two-dimensional zone. Here’s how.
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Turn on slices in the Plot sidebar.
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Open the Slice Details dialog by clicking next to Slices in the Plot sidebar.
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In the dialog:
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Change the Slice Location to Y-Planes
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Make sure Show Primary Slice is enabled
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Enter the value 0.65 for the location of the primary slice.
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Set Slice Through to Surface Zones.
A band appears on the surface of the wing at the location of our slice, as shown below.
-
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Choose the button to extract this slice to a new zone. (Or by selecting ).
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In the dialog, leave all of the default values and click to proceed with the slice extraction.
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Close the dialog and the dialog.
Our new slice zone is zone 10 and is named "Slice Y=0.65." You can verify this in Data Set Information, if you like.
Step 6: Normalize Slice’s X to X/L
Now we can normalize the X dimension of our slice to the chord, in order to match the experimental data. We’ll do this using the same dialog we used to normalize the Y dimension. In the experimental data, this is stored as the variable X/L. (If you’re curious, you can verify this in the dialog, as we did previously with Y/b.)
The equation we’ll need is:
{X/L} = ({x} - MINX) / (MAXX - MINX)
There’s a twist that we need to address before we actually perform this calculation.
The equation uses the MAXX and MINX intrinsic variables. These variables are
provided by Tecplot 360 and refer to the maximum and minimum values of X in all active
zones. We want the maximum and minimum X for just our slice, so as to calculate the
chord, so we need to temporarily deactivate all other zones while we perform this
calculation.
So open the dialog by clicking the button in the Plot sidebar.
Right-click the Show Zone checkbox for the extracted slice zone and choose Show Selected Only.
The checkboxes next to all zones except the slice zone toggle off. Your plot also disappears; don’t panic!
Now, choose and enter our equation in the Equation(s) field. For convenience, here it is again:
{X/L} = ({x} - MINX) / (MAXX - MINX)
Since we need this calculation only for the slice, make sure our new slice zone, listed at the bottom of the Zones To Alter list as "10: Slice Y=0.65" is the only zone selected.
Now you’re ready to click .
After the calculation is complete, go back to the dialog and turn the disabled zones back on by selecting all rows (Control-A, or Command-A on Mac, is a handy keyboard shortcut for this), then toggling on the Show checkboxes for any disabled zone. This toggles on all selected zones.
You can now close both the and dialogs.
Step 7: Create XY Plot of Slice
We’re ready to create an XY plot of the slice. We’ll put it in its own frame: frames are the Tecplot 360 way of showing multiple plots on a page.
First, click the frame tool in the Tecplot 360 toolbar.
Next, use it to draw the new frame in the workspace. The placement and size don’t matter, since we’ll have Tecplot 360 set it up nicely for us in a moment. Click and hold the mouse button somewhere in your plot, then drag down and to the right to create the frame. Release the mouse button when a rectangle is visible in the plot.
The new frame might look something like this.
Next, choose in the Tecplot 360 menu bar. The dialog appears, as shown here.
Click the bottom right button in the dialog to stack the frames on top of each other in the workspace. Then close the dialog.
Your plot now looks something like this.
Now, using the drop-down menu at the top of the Plot sidebar, change from Sketch to XY Line.
The dialog appears. In this dialog, we’ll set the X-Axis to our X/L
variable, our Y-Axis to Pressure_Coefficient, and the Zone to our extracted slice
zone. The desired settings are shown here.
Click to create the plot, which is shown here.
If you’re familiar with Cp plots, you’ll notice something odd about our current plot! The problem is that the Y axis is reversed from what it should be. Fortunately, this is easily corrected.
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Choose from the menu bar to open the dialog.
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Click Y1 at the top to choose the Y axis.
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Toggle on the Reverse Axis Direction checkbox.
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When the settings are as shown here, close the dialog.
Our plot now looks like this. Much better.
Step 8: Plot Experimental Data
We’re in the home stretch now! Let’s add the experimental data to our plot. First, open the dialog by clicking the button in the Plot sidebar.
A line map is the Tecplot 360 way of associating (mapping) a variable with a visual style for each line in your plot. Tecplot 360 created our first line map for us when we switched to XY Line mode. The dialog is used to manage the line maps in our XY Line plot.
We want to show both the simulation and experimental data in our plot, so we’ll need to create a second line map for the experimental data. The easiest way to do this is to copy the existing simulation data line map and modify it to display the experimental data.
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Click the first row in the Mapping Style table to select the first line map.
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Click the button at the bottom of the dialog. A second line map appears in the table.
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Right-click the Zone field in the second row of the table, then choose zone 5,
Section 3 - .65, as the zone for the second line map. This is the experimental data for the pressure tap at 0.65 along the wing, corresponding to the position of the slice we’ve taken of the simulation zone. -
Toggle on the Show Map checkbox for the second map.
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Double-click the name of each mapping and enter an appropriate name. Especially with complex line plots with many mappings, giving your mappings good names will make it much easier to make changes to the plot. We named them as follows:
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Map 1: CFD Simulation: Y/b = 0.65
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Map 2: Experimental: Y/b = 0.65
-
The dialog and the plot should now appear as shown here.
As you can see, there’s a slight problem here: both the simulation and the experimental data have the same appearance, making it impossible to distinguish them. We can address this by using different colors for the two zones.
Additionally, the simulation data is continuous, while the experimental data, having been measured at specific points along the wing, is discrete. Therefore, we will display the experimental data using a symbol at each measurement location rather than as a line.
Finally, we have uncertainty information for the experimental data, which we can display using error bars.
All of these appearance changes can be managed using the dialog. Let’s get to it.
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Change to the Lines page of the dialog using the tabs at the top of the dialog, then toggle off the Show Lines checkbox for the Experimental mapping.
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Also on the Lines page, right-click the line thickness for the CFD Simulation map and change it to 0.40% to make it thicker.
The Lines page should appear as follows.
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Change to the Symbols page of the dialog. You’ll note that all settings are grayed out here. To use the Symbols settings, we must enable the Symbols of our plot by toggling on the Symbols checkbox on the Plot sidebar.
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Now that the Symbols settings are available in the dialog, turn the symbols off for our CFD Simulation map.
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Right-click the Outline Color for the Experimental map and choose a blue using the Color Chooser.
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The symbols are way too big, so right-click the Symbol Size for this map and change it to 1.0. The Symbols page should look as follows.
Scenic Detour: Line Map Context Menu and Toolbar
Earlier in this tutorial sequence, we suggested you right-click on your 3D plot to discover a quick way to make changes to your zone style—without a trip to the dialog. Try right-clicking on a line in your plot to reveal the line map context menu and toolbar (shown at right). Then try to do the next step, adding error bars, using the context menu rather than the dialog.
Step 9: Add Error Bars
The experimental data includes an error variable calculated from data NASA provides about the Onera M6 wing, namely that the measurement error for the pressure taps was found to be ±0.02. Let’s add error bars to the plot to visualize this information.
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Change to the Error Bars page of the dialog. As with the Symbols page, all the Error Bars settings are initially grayed out. So we will need to toggle on Error Bars in the Plot sidebar to enable the Error Bars layer, which makes these settings available in Mapping Style.
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With the Error Bar settings available in the dialog, toggle on Show Error Bars for the Experimental map.
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Right-click the Error Bar Variable for this map and choose variable 23, "Cp Error."
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Right-click the Error Bar Color for the map and choose the same blue you earlier chose for the map’s symbols.
The Error Bars page should now look as follows.
You can now close the Mapping Style dialog. The plot should look as follows.
Step 10: Final Polishing
As a finishing touch, we can add a legend to the plot. Choose from the Tecplot 360 menu to open the dialog, then toggle on the Show Line Legend checkbox.
Let’s also choose to make the plot look a little less crowded against the axes.
The final plot (including both frames) is shown below.
Naturally, a Tecplot 360 layout package (.lpk) file containing a snapshot of the final result of this tutorial segment is in OneraM6wing/finallayouts/ExtenalFlowVideo3.lpk in the examples folder in your Tecplot 360 installation folder.
Next Steps
This concludes the External Flow tutorial for Tecplot 360. At this point, you may wish to dig in to the User’s Manual or Help () for more details on the product in general or on specific features you’ve used in this tutorial.
We regularly create videos to introduce users to features of the product, not just introductory topics for new users, but also for advanced users and to highlight new features in the latest release. You can find these on our Web site at www.tecplot.com/category/tecplot-360-videos/?product=360 or on our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com/user/tecplot360.
Understanding Volume Surfaces
This tutorial shows an example of how Tecplot 360 renders volume surfaces using Surfaces to Plot. For this tutorial, we will be using the duct flow dataset which can be found in the Getting Started Bundle.
This tutorial contains only one segment. The level of complexity is shown below.
| Number and Level | Title and Description |
|---|---|
1 - Beginner |
Understanding Volume Surfaces - Load the Duct Flow dataset and understand how Tecplot views volume surface data. |
A video version of this tutorial is available on the Web at www.tecplot.com/2016/03/04/understanding-volume-surfaces. The videos may have minor differences from the printed version of the tutorial in this manual, but they end up in the same place.
Understanding Volume Surfaces
Step 1: Launch Tecplot 360 and Load the Data Set
Start Tecplot 360 from the Start menu (Windows), by typing tec360 in a terminal window (Linux), or by double-clicking the application icon in the Applications folder (Mac). We will show the Windows version of Tecplot 360 in this document, but the product looks substantially the same on other platforms.
To begin loading the surface plot data, click at the top of the Welcome Screen. (You may also choose from the drop-down menu in the menu bar, or click the folder icon, second from the left, in the toolbar. These other methods are convenient when the Welcome Screen isn’t visible.)
The Load Data dialog appears.
Navigate to the examples/SimpleData directory located in the installation folder of Tecplot and select the DuctFlow.plt file. After opening this file, you’ll see a 3D Cartesian plot like the one below.
Step 2: Surfaces to Plot and the Zone Style dialog
Currently we are looking at an empty box surrounded by orange dashed lines. These lines represent the boundary of the volume zones with no style applied. To understand what we are looking at, let’s look at the Surface tab of the dialog:
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Open the dialog from the Plot sidebar.
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Select the tab located at the top and notice the Surfaces to Plot heading.
For performance reasons, the default option for is set to "none" on volume zones. When you have a volume zone where you’d like to see the surface data then change this option. Note that if surface zones are in the dataset, they would be shown in the Zone Style dialog as "N/A".
Step 3: Contours and Surface Data
Now let’s turn on Contour from the Plot sidebar. To show contours, however, Tecplot 360 must represent this on some sort of surface. Since this data only contains volume zones, a Question dialog appears asking to display the surfaces of volume zones. Alternatively, enabling the mesh, contour, shade, vector or scatter layer option on the plot sidebar will ask you if you want surfaces turned on for active zones.
Turning on the surfaces of volume zones can be a resource-heavy operation as it requires loading the entire volume zone and calculating which cells represent the outer surface.
Clicking on the Question dialog allows Tecplot 360 to change the Surfaces to Plot option in the Zone Style dialog. The volume surfaces will now be contoured by the first variable that is not an axis variable.
Step 4: Changed Surfaces to Plot in the Zone Style Dialog
If the Zone Style dialog was closed previously, open it again by clicking the Zone Style dialog in the Plot sidebar.
Navigating to the Surfaces tab, you’ll see that the Surfaces to Plot heading has changed to which allows us to see the contour of surfaces of exposed boundary cells.
The resulting plot should look similar to what is shown below. Since we did not change the Contour variable, the plot is displaying the U Vector variable.
Next Steps
This concludes the Volume Surfaces tutorial for Tecplot 360. At this point, you may wish to dig in to the User’s Manual or Help () for more details on the product in general or on specific features you’ve used in this tutorial.
We regularly create videos to introduce users to features of the product, not just introductory topics for new users, but also for advanced users and to highlight new features in the latest release. You can find these on our Web site at www.tecplot.com/category/tecplot-360-videos/?product=360 or on our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com/user/tecplot360.
Transient Data
This tutorial uses a vertical-axis wind turbine data set to explore the transient (time-based) capabilities of Tecplot 360. This data set comprises 127 time steps and 254 separate files in Fluent format. Each time step has two files, one for the geometry and one for the data. These files are sizable (over a gigabyte compressed), so they are not included with your Tecplot 360 installation. Instead, download the Getting Started Bundle and unzip the compressed data to a convenient location.
This tutorial is divided into four segments. We have provided a layout file for the end of each segment, so you can check your work. The segments are:
| Number and Level | Title and Description |
|---|---|
1 - Beginner |
Loading and Exploring Transient Data - Load the wind turbine simulation data set and see how it is organized inside Tecplot 360. Add streamtraces and create an on-screen animation of the data set. |
2 - Intermediate |
Extracting Data - Use Tecplot 360 tools and techniques to reduce the amount of data that needs to be analyzed, making it easier to understand. |
3 - Expert |
Frequency Analysis Using Fourier Transform - Perform a Fourier transform to extract frequency domain information from the simulation and analyze the sources of pressure variations. |
4 - Expert |
Calculations and Contour Cutoff - Calculate a new variable by using the Tecplot 360 CFDA Analyzer. Use the Contour Color Cutoff property to isolate a region of interest in the plot. |
A video version of this tutorial is available on the Web at www.tecplot.com/2016/03/25/transient-series-video-1-introduction-transient-data. The videos may have minor differences from the printed version of the tutorial in this manual, but they end up in the same places.
Loading and Exploring Transient Data
Step 1: Launch Tecplot 360 and Load the Data Set
Start Tecplot 360 from the Start menu (Windows), by typing tec360 in a terminal window (Linux), or by double-clicking the application icon in the Applications folder (Mac). We will show the Windows version of Tecplot 360 in this document, but the product looks substantially the same on other platforms.
To begin loading the wind turbine data, click at the top of the Welcome Screen. (You may also choose from the drop-down menu in the menu bar, or click the folder icon, second from the left, in the toolbar. These other methods are convenient when the Welcome Screen isn’t visible.) The Load Data dialog appears.
Navigate to the windturbineblades folder where you extracted the data files. Select all the files in this directory, for example by clicking the first one and then clicking the last one while holding the Shift key, then click . (If you can’t see the files, choose in the menu at the bottom of the dialog.)
Opening all these data files will take a moment; when Tecplot 360 is finished, you’ll see a 2D Cartesian plot like the one below.
Step 2: Get A Good Look
What exactly are we looking at here? This is the full 2D fluid domain, representing the wind turbine’s blades and the air surrounding them. Let’s get a better view:
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Display the mesh by turning on the Mesh checkbox in the Plot sidebar. The mesh is a collection of interlinked triangles; these are the individual cells that were used in the simulation.
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Click the Zoom tool on the toolbar, then use the mouse to draw a rectangle around the center of the plot. Repeat this two or three times until you see a plot like the one below.
| You may also zoom by placing the mouse pointer in the frame to be zoomed, holding the mouse’s middle button or scroll wheel, and moving the mouse up and down. |
So we can see this is a cross-section of a three-bladed vertical wind turbine. The white areas are the blades, as you can intuit from their airfoil shape. You can even infer the direction of rotation: counterclockwise.
Step 3: Dive into Data Set Info
Let’s take a closer look at the data we’ve loaded. Choose from the Tecplot 360 menu to open the Data Set Information dialog, shown here.
From here, we can see that there are more than a thousand zones in this data set. Each zone represents a region of the simulation at a particular point in time.
The number of zones may seem like a lot if you’re not used to working with transient
data, but if you do the math, this is only nine zones per time step. And indeed, if you
look at the zone list here, you can see that the zone names repeat every nine entries:
zone 1 and zone 10 are both named dom-1, zone 2 and zone 11 are both named dom-5,
and so on.
So we have:
-
1143 total zones
-
127 time steps
-
9 zones per time step
If you click through the zones while keeping an eye on the Time Strand field in the panel below the zone list, you will discover that the zones that have the same names also have the same time strand. Time strands are how Tecplot 360 links the zones representing the same region throughout time.
You can also see the solution time of each zone above the time strand as you click on in the zone list. As you would expect, zones 1-9 have the same solution time, as do zone 10-18, and so forth. Thus, each set of nine zones represents the same point in time.
Step 4: Time Strands in the Zone Style Dialog
Let’s close the Data Set Information dialog and open the Zone Style dialog (below) by clicking the Zone Style button in the Plot sidebar.